Art rupestre

Art rupestre, painting rupestre or still gravura rupestre, is the name that gives him to the oldest known pictorial representations, many dated of the period Paleolítico (100.000-10.000 a.C.) recorded in shelters or caves, in its walls and rocky roofs, or also in rocky surfaces outdoors, but in protected places, usually dating of prehistoric times. The History is as old as the man. He/she is the man, from its aparecimento in the earth, it elaborated its History, in which you/they had room the Art and the conservation spirit of that that needed. Archaeological studies demonstrate that the man of the pré history (the phase of the History that precedes the writing) it already conserved, besides ceramic, weapons and utensils worked in the stone, in the bones of the animals that abated and in the metal. Archaeologists and anthropologists dating and studying extracted pieces in excavations checks to its vestiges real value as " documents historical ", true testimonies of the man's life in remote times and of extinct cultures.
Archaeological searches accomplished in Europe, Asia and Africa, among other, reveal in that middle to the primitive men hunters the first artists appeared, that painted, they sculpted and they recorded, demonstrating that the expression desire through the arts is inherent to the human being. The color in the painting was already known by the Man of Nandertal. " Vênus Esteatopígicas ", sculptures in stone or ivory of stylized feminine illustrations, with very accentuated forms, are artistic manifestations of the most primitive of " Homo Sapiens " (Paleolítico Superior, beginning 40000a.C) and that demonstrate its capacity to symbolize. To these sculptures it is attributed a felt magic, propitiatory of the feminine fertility.
It is not less notable the development of the painting in the same time. Found in the roofs and walls of the dark grottos, discovered by chance, placed in funds of caves. They are vibrant paintings accomplished in policromia that cause great impression, with the firm determination of imitating the nature with the maximum of realism, starting from observations made during hunted it. In the grotto Altamira (the call Capela Sixtina of the Prehistory), in Spain, the painting rupreste of the bisonte impresses for the size and for the volume gotten with the technique clear-darkness. In other local ones and in other grottos, paintings that impress for the realism. In some, vital points of the animal marked by arrows. For some, " the propitiatory " magic destined to guarantee the hunter's success. For other studious ones, it was the will of producing art.
Any that is the vindicative, the art preserved per millennia allowed that the prehistoric grottos if they constituted in the humanity's first museums.
The Arte Rupestre is a way to represent the Primitive Art. It is believed that these paintings, whose used materials are the blood, clay and human excrements, have a stamp ritualístico. He/she is considered that this art has begun in the Período Aurignaciano (Hohle Fels, Germany), reaching its acme in the end of the Período Magdaleniano of Paleolítico.
An alternative and more modern theory with relationship to the objectivo of these paintings, based on studies of more recent societies of hunter-collectors, is that the paintings were made by chamãs of the group of Cro-Magnon.
The chamãs would leave for the darkness of the caves, they would enter in state of he/she understands one another and they would paint, then, images of its visions, perhaps with some intention of extracting force of the walls of the cave for themselves. That favors the explanation on the antiquity of some paintings (that frequently happen in deep and small caves) and the variety of the reasons (of prey animals the predadores and drawings of human hands).
The drawings are usually formed by illustrations of great wild animals, as bisões, horses, deer among others. The human illustration rarely appears, suggesting a lot of times actividades as the dance and, mainly, the hunt, but usually in schematic drawings and not in a naturalistic way, as it happens with the one of the animals. Parallelly they also meet palms of human hands and abstract reasons (entangled lines), called by Breuill of pastas.
In the ranches spread by the world, it is standard to find, besides the parietal drawings, illustrations and ornamental objects cut in bone, modeled in clay, stone or horns of animals.
The Arte Rupestre is a way to represent the Primitive Art. It is believed that these paintings, whose used materials are the blood, clay and human excrements, have a stamp ritualístico. He/she is considered that this art has begun in the Período Aurignaciano (Hohle Fels, Germany), reaching its acme in the end of the Período Magdaleniano of Paleolítico.
An alternative and more modern theory with relationship to the objectivo of these paintings, based on studies of more recent societies of hunter-collectors, is that the paintings were made by chamãs of the group of Cro-Magnon.
The chamãs would leave for the darkness of the caves, they would enter in state of he/she understands one another and they would paint, then, images of its visions, perhaps with some intention of extracting force of the walls of the cave for themselves. That favors the explanation on the antiquity of some paintings (that frequently happen in deep and small caves) and the variety of the reasons (of prey animals the predadores and drawings of human hands).
The drawings are usually formed by illustrations of great wild animals, as bisões, horses, deer among others. The human illustration rarely appears, suggesting a lot of times actividades as the dance and, mainly, the hunt, but usually in schematic drawings and not in a naturalistic way, as it happens with the one of the animals. Parallelly they also meet palms of human hands and abstract reasons (entangled lines), called by Breuill of pastas.
In the ranches spread by the world, it is standard to find, besides the parietal drawings, illustrations and ornamental objects cut in bone, modeled in clay, stone or horns of animals.
When the Europeans found the paintings of Magdalenia of the cave of Altamira for the first time, in Cantábria, Spain, around 150 years, they were considered as fraud for academic.
The new thought darviniano about the evolution of the species was interpreted as meaning that the primitive humans have been advance sufficiently to create art.
Émile Cartailhac, one of the more respected historians of the Prehistory of the end of the century XIX, believed that the paintings had been forged by the creacionistas to support its ideas and to ridicule Darwin. Recent reavaliações and the growing number of discoveries have been illustrating the authenticity of the found illustrations and they indicate the high level of capacity of the humans' of Superior Paleolítico art, that just used basic tools. The paintings rupestres can provide, also, valuable tracks with relationship to the culture and the faiths of that time.
However, the age of the paintings stays, in many archaeological ranches, a subject controvertida, since methods as the datação for radioactive carbon easily can take it resulted erroneous for the contamination of samples of material older or newer, and that the caves and rocky surfaces are typically atulhadas with residues of several times.
The choice of the datação for the underlying material can indicate the date, for example, of the reindeer in the denominated Spanish cave las Cueva Monedas, that was determined as being of the period of the last glaciação. The oldest cave is the one of Chauvet, with 32.000 years.
However, as it happens with the whole prehistory, it is impossible to be I am held of that hypothesis due to the relative lack of material evidence and the several lacunas associated with the attempt of understanding thinking prehistoric applying the way to ratiocinate of the modern man. The most well-known and studied ranches meet in Europe, above all France and in the north of Spain, in the franc-Cantabrian denominated area; in Portugal, in Italy and in Sicily; Germany; Balcãs and Roménia. In the north Mediterranean of Africa; in Australia and Sibéria they are well-known thousands of places, even so not so studied, as it is the case of Brazil. In 2003, paintings rupestres was also discovered in Creswell Crags, Nottinghamshire, England.
Portugal In Portugal is known more than three hundred places of art rupestre, standing out the complex of the it is worth of the river Côa, one of the oldest outdoors, the grotto of Escoural, fundamental in the study of Cro-Magnon and Neandertal, and Mazouco.
More well-known ranches The most well-known and studied ranches meet in Europe, above all France and in the north of Spain, in the franc-Cantabrian denominated area; in Portugal, in Italy and in Sicily; Germany; Balcãs and Roménia. In the north Mediterranean of Africa; in Australia and Sibéria they are well-known thousands of places, even so not so studied, as it is the case of Brazil. In 2003, paintings rupestres was also discovered in Creswell Crags, Nottinghamshire, England.
Portugal In Portugal is known more than three hundred places of art rupestre, standing out the complex of the it is worth of the river Côa, one of the oldest outdoors, the grotto of Escoural, fundamental in the study of Cro-Magnon and Neandertal, and Mazouco.
Brazil In Brazil is found several archipelagos where manifestations of art rupestre exist. The more acquaintances are in Naspolini, in the Estado Santa Catarina, in the Southeast area of the country. In Minas Gerais in Lagoa Saint area and Varzelândia. They stand out he/she also Plays it of the Hope, central area of Bahia and Florianópolis, State of Santa Catarina, in the south. In the northeast they were also found paintings in the State of Piauí, in the Mountain of Capivara. The closest cities of the archaeological ranches are Colonel José Dias and São Raimundo Nonato (30 km).
Second information of " FUMDHAM ", Fundação Museu of the American Man, of São Raimundo Nonato, there are 260 archaeological ranches with paintings rupestres in the area of the National Park of the Mountain of Capivara, that was created in 1979.
In agreement with not confirmed information, the paintings rupestres of the mentioned ranches would have age between 10.000 and 12.000 years, even so more recent studies date 50.000 years